2.
   2024
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.               

2.               

-
3.         
   - 
     
4.                
-
2.
5.       ,      
6.                
   ? 
-
7.                
  
8.              
      
2.
   2024
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.               

:     (   )
          :    
 
 ?
             ,      
 ?
     ,   ,    
   ,         , 

           
    
      
 -         
   
   -- ,       ,  
        
1.      
2.
  ,            
  -               
              :   
         ?
            
   
                 
     '       
                   
 ,    '  
      ,    ' 
       
2.     
     ,      :
1.     ( ,   )
2.      (  )
3.        
4.    (    )
5.          ,      
6.     (      
)
7.       
8.    
    ,           

3.      (  )
     ,        

  
2.

 (1 )
 (1 )

100   
120   

90   
80   
 1:     
                ,
      
   ,     
  -   

 2:      
 
      
  :
1     100/120 = 0.83   
1     120/100 = 1.2    
  :
1     90/80 = 1.125   
1     80/90 = 0.88    
 3:     
             

             

 4:   
       
       
    ,          :
2.
    
       
      
       :
            ,      
              
4.      
   ?
      :
1.     
2.    
3.   
4.       
  ,                
 
5.        
                
 :
   
              
 
6.    
     ,      :
1.      
              , 
    
  
2.
2.   ' 
   '   ,      
     
3.    
  :
  
  
     
          
 
4.     
       
   :
  
- 
   
5.    
   
 :

   
   
      
6.    
    '   :
2.
  -  

     ,     ' 
         
7.     
              
 ,  
       
 
7.       
   ,          
:
      
      
     
    
 
        ,    

       

           
         ,      
      ,         
           ' , ,   
              ,  
              
           
    ,     
      
2.
2.               

:      :    
 
" "   ,        
 , -  ,        
    ,          -  
   ,      ,      
       :        ,  
        ,   ,  ,
    
   ,   -- ,      
      
1.          
                  
   ,               , 
               
 
  -      
        ,       
            
,   
 
    :    '       
   ,            
     
 ,         
2.     
     
 -          ,  
   - 
;  ,     -
 
           ,  
     
          
  
  
          

2.
              -  
        
3.     
         ' ,  , 
,            
-  ,       
      ,  ,    
     
   ,         -     
  
 ,      

;  -  
  
4.  :   
,    
       
  , 
    
     (    )   '    
,       -     
         ,   
       ,     
 
 
        -   ',    
               
 
          ,     
              
5.      
       -    '   ,   
         
       ,  
,       
 
  , ,    


     -    
2.
 ,       
 ,   
 :  

 ,    
 
6.  :   
        
   -  : 1960   ,      
-   '    -   , 
    -          
       
 -  :         
    '      
   
  
,     -   
       
      


  
          '   
        
7.   
           
           
     
 
           
           
 
   ,           
 
8.   :  
   ,            
         
      
       , ,      
 
2.
                 
            -      -  
     ,     
  
,          ?
      
    ,   
,   ,    
      ,    
  
    
 - ,       
  
           ,  
   
  ,               
  
,         
    
  
               
    
 ,      
 ,  
     
      
 - 
  ,     
   ,            
 ,              
    ,        
-
3.         
   - 
     
:  (BoP):      ,  

-
2.
     ,      
    
  ,   -  ,     ,   
  ,               
 -      ,    (BoP)
      
                ,   '
      ( )    (
 )      BoP  ,      
,              '

 ,    , -     
   
                
 -     
    :
    ,  
     -  
 -         
        
 
           |
   ,       :
1.  
           
  :
  
- 
 
     
2.  
            
  :
2.
  
   
  '     
    
3.   
 (+):  -      
 
 (−):  -       
        |
    '         :
1.  
2.  
3.   
     
1.  
  , ,        -  

()    ( )
         
  
  
         (BoT)   
()       ( )
  -     :



2.
 
 
     
 ,          
() 
   :



 :
     
      
()  
 - -        

:
         
   
  
2.  
          -   
()    
     (FDI)
     (FPI)
        ,        
() 
  
   
2.
        
(C)  
  
   
()  
 
    
3.   
           ,  :
  
  
   (SDRs)
   :
    
    
     
     
       
         :
     (₹ )

 ()
 ()
 
  
5,000
-
  
-
6,000
  
2,000
-
  
-
1,500
  
800
-
     
-
700
  
1,200
-
2.
    
-
300
 
  
2,500
-
   
-
1,000
 
1,800
-
 
  
200
-

13,500
13,500
       ,  
   BoP   
  
     
BoP                :
 , , 
   
   
    
 ,           
      
 
            
    
 
       
 
            
  
 
       
       |
2.
    
 :
    
 
     
      
  
 
            

              
-     -  ,      
  , BoP             
  
            
               , 
                
       
 
4.                
:      
  :    ?
              (, )
     (, )    ,      
  -         (BoP)   
   (, )  
 ,  BoP    
      (,   ),  BoP   
                
              -  ,   
       
:  
  
2.
  BoP        ,   
 , 
    '         : 

     ?
    -  ,   ,   -   
   
  :      
   :
"         
 -       
   "
    :             
 ,   
              
 ,     
 ,                

--  
1.     
  :     ( ,  ,  
)
  : ,       ',    

  >  ,         '   
  <  ,   
 ,    
2.       
           BoP    
 
   
  (
        
    )
       
 
  ,    ,    ,      
  -    :    (),     
(  
 );   ,      (  
 )
2.
3.   
        ,      
  

  
   
       
 ,     '    
  
               
    
       -      
   ,   BoP    
     ,     ()   

-   ,      
 ,      ,    ,      
 
 
     BoP        
   
  :        
 
 -  :    /       
  '   :      
   
    
,     

 :       ,   
 
    :  , ,  
    
 :           
,         
2.
    :     -    
     ,     
       ,  -     
   
:     
        :
       
        
       
  
         
  
            
 
   :
            
          
         
   
  
     
  :       ,      
  
-
5.       ,      
:-
               
            
    
 ,        
    
              , ,
2.
, , ,     -     '  

  ,              
,    ,      ,     
     ,    ,   -
  
 
    
         
       
                
    
.   :
"          "
 ,    ,  ,      '  
1.     
                   
        :
1.1 -
      ,    
   
      ,       

1.2 - 
    '           '

  , ,     '  
1.3   
     ,           
:
       
2.
        
     
1.4      
              
,        
 
1.5    
   
     :
 
 
 
   
1.6  
       ,         ,  
 ,      
2.     
                ',
      :
2.1  
     
 
   
(  )
o  
o ...
o  
- 
o 
o 
o    
  
2.
     '  :
  
  
   '   
2.2  
          
    



  (, )
  

   :
     
  '    
    
2.3  
           
  
   
   
 
 
      
   :
   
   
   '   
2.
2.4   
          
   :
  
  
  
   
    ,     
 
 :     
 
|
----------------------------------------------
| | | |
       
3.       
            
    :
3.1   
       
   :
 



        
3.2     
2.
     
,        
   
:
 '  
  
    
3.3  
          :
 (      )
 (  )
 ,          
3.4  
     '         


3.5     
         
  ,  :
 

 
 
         
 
3.6  
          :
2.
 
  
 
 
       
 
3.7    
           :
  
   
    
3.8   
  ,          
        
3.9   
            , 
      

              
     -, -      
 ,  ,           
 ,  ,       
   ,         
             ,
,            
2.
6.                
   ? 
: :    
    "   "      
          ' - , ,  -    
        ()       ()
            
       , ,  ,
,     
     
 -    '  (    
  )   (         )   
1.      
     ,      
     
   -   ,       
 :   , ,    '   
 ,              
,    ,     
 :     ,          ,
  ,     
 ,          -       

2.      
   
      ,          
 
 :  , ,    '    
        ,     
  ,       
- :      '     
 ' 
           
 

 ,                  
 
2.
3.      
    -        
 ' :   , ,     ' 
  ,            
 '  :       ,   - 
 ,        
 ,              
4.      
    '    
 
 :     '     
 ,
        
:   (     )   
      
 :   (    ) '  
        ,     
 ,               
     
5.   :    
        
    '   ,    ,   
,      '   
    '   ,    
 ,  
   
     '   ,        ,
      
       
 ,              -   
  
6. -   
      ():   '    
           
2.
      : ,    '    
   ,     
     
    :      '    
  ,     
  
     -   -   

7. :           
     :
 
              
 
8.  
    :         ? 
 '   
 ,         
  ,     
  ,           
 ,           
 ,   ()  ()    
2.
-
7.                
  
:-
              ,
     ,     ,   
               
,        
;   ,  
               
   
          ,  
              
           "  
" (1776)    '     ,    
    
  , 
:
     
         
           
          
    
               
             :
  
     
   
       
  ,               
           
2.
     ( )
        :
1.   
2.   
3.   
4.   
       
1.    (     )

               
               
 
    ,     "     
        "
 
20,000       ' 2,00,000    
    
  
      ,     
         ,     
   

         

         ,      
       
  :
2.
    
     
     
 ,      
:
          
     
        
        '  
2.   

         '    :
    ?
     
      
      
 
 
      '    
     
 
        

     '  
-        
       
  :
2.
    
      
    
  :
       
     
   
 
             
3.   

                  
   
 
      
 
          

     ( '  ) 
  
      ,        

   '         
       
  :
    
 
    
      
2.
 :
     
 
     
     
 
           
4.    

           -    
       '  
  
 
 ₹100      ₹20   
 ,    

    -   

         
 
         ,       
       
   :
  
 
 ,     
:
         
     
     
2.
        
   
    ,        
 
5.   

            

   :
 , ,  ,      
           
         
6.   

        '     ( , ,
,    )

         
             

2.
7.   

        

     
 -  
 
        
:    (  )
        
   ,        :
  
   
   
    
      
  '            
2.

            
  
              
,        '  
   ,  ,       ,  
 :
 ()
 ()
 ()
 ()
  
         ,    
   
,           , 
               
  
8.              
      
:     :
1.    ?
                 ,
 ,          ,      
 
        ,        
    
:          ,   
( )   ( )
:    ,    ,      
      
 ,         "IOU" 
2.   
 ?
2.
    
 ,     
,          
,          
, ,       
         ,    
3.    
   
  -           
 ,              
()   
           
      
()   
         ,       
  ,       
()    
          
   '          
()  
     ,        
              
(e)  
            
   ,        
 ,    
 -    ,      
 
4.            
                
      :
2.
()    
               
 (   , , )
   
 ,           
()   
      
            
()  
  -  -       
 
    
 
(d)   
   
  
       
     
          
  
(e)       
            '
  
     
      
(f)  
        
    
        
(g)   
            
 
        
(h)  - 
 ,            
      ,     
 
2.
5. -  
         ,     
       ,        
            '     
   - ,     
 ,   :          
   -     
6. :  , ,  
7.   
       ,       
      ,           ' 
  
    :
    
   
     
    
   ,    '   
 -   
          
2.
  
        (  )   , 
,    
    ,        
          
,    
 ,      ,        
    
 
"               
 
       ,       
 "